MATUL Generic Syllabus

TUL560 Community Economics

The aim of the MA in Transformational Urban Leadership is to increase the capacity of emergent leaders among the urban poor, with wisdom, knowledge, character and skill across the full range of leadership dynamics of urban poor movements.

TUL560: Theology & Practice of Community Economics (3 units)

Coursewriters: Development of these courses is a collective process over several continents.  The following have contributed to this design:
Arthur E. Medina, Jasmine Lydia Lamech, M.A., M.Phil., PhD, Dr Froilan H. Parado, Dr Peter Nitschke, Ed. D., Justiniano E. Gonzaga, Jr. MDiv., ThM.
Bryan Johnson, MPhil.., Viv Grigg, B.E.E., M.A., PhD
Professor: Viv Grigg, (email: vgrigg@apu.edu)

I.  Course Description

This course introduces students to training slum dwellers in biblical economics, basic bookkeeping, business planning, savings cooperatives, and micro-enterprise.

II  Expanded Course Description

This course relates biblical and theological perspectives on human development to the theory and practice of community wealth building. Special emphasis is given to considering how working men and women in the slums might use micro-enterprises and individual development accounts to create a better environment for asset building and ownership.

This course will build from reflections on Kingdom economic principles throughout the scriptures.  It will expose the students to theory, policy and practice in community based economic development and to help them read and think critically about these ideas.  Students will develop internal organizational processes for registration of churches, quality bookkeeping, and deacons development processes for their ministries.  The candidates will be able to plan and initiate small business programs as transformational mission, such as: establishing revolving loan fund, micro-enterprise programs; cooperatives, and the techniques related to strategic business planning among the urban entrepreneurial poor.

III.   Course Rationale

Do not be hard hearted or tightfisted towards your poor brother. Rather be open handed and freely lend him whatever he needs. (Deut 15: 7-8)

The need to come up with strategic, sustainable and transformational poverty alleviation program for churches and faith-based organizations cannot be denied nor be met with just talks and scholarly dissertations by theologians and urban poor workers. The vicious cycle of poverty in the country must be cut to its throat and uproot the very cause of this social cancer not tomorrow but today.

This course will examine the root causes of poverty and theory and practice of community economics that lead people to have a poverty mentality. Candidates will be able to understand the relationship between the Redemption Mandate and Creation Mandate in fulfilling the Great Commission by re-examining  Stewardship Theology applied in Community Economic Development.

The creation narratives of Genesis provide the essential pre-suppositions relating to God’s original design for mankind to control, have full dominion over creation, the animal, plant kingdoms, aquatic resources, and minerals derived from living and non-living things around the world.

Biblical economics involves an understanding of triad of powers in society such as the Government (law-maker & law enforcer), the Marketplace (the economic influence ), and the Masses (the low-income market, cheap labor force, and the electorate) versus the Power of the Most High God manifested through the Church.

This course reflects the following values

The practical part of the course will enable the candidates to see the community through the eyes of the Redeemer by means of holistic community needs assessment tools.  Through an internship, students will be exposed to models of successful community economic development programs being operated by faith-based organizations yet empowering the real target urban poor community folks.

IV.  Student Learning Outcomes  

By the end of this course students will be expected to:

Cognitive (Head):
1. Kingdom Economics: Understand a comprehensive  theology of creativity, production, stewardship; redistribution, work and rest, ownership and other Biblical principles evidenced in a theological training presentation for slum-dwellers with only elementary level education.

2. Community Economics: Understand methods and strategies to alleviate different levels of poverty.
Level 1: Proclamation of Good News to the poor and the effect of conversion and entrance to the community of faith on work habits, motivation, relational skills, integrity etc.
Level 2: Analyses and assessment of poverty before implementing MFI and MED.
Level 3: Local

Level 4: National

Level 5. Economic Systems

Affective (Heart):

Practice (Hands):

IV. Required Course Materials

Required Materials marked with an asterix.  Others recommended.

V. Course Calendar

The course is designed around your experiences in working under a mentor in a small business development or microfinance NGO among the urban poor, and reflecting on the lessons learned.

The teaching component of the course will utilize a weekly SKYPE discussion, a story telling process of learning, building from stories of lecturers and students to develop a theology and strategy on poverty alleviation methodology among semi-literate slum culture.  There are three hours of content in presentations online weekly, some of which we can cover during the SKYPE time, the rest of which you need to research out. The course will focus on both theory and design of practical outcomes. It is not always feasible to match the flow of content of the academics with the learning process onsite, but we will try for a balance.

Most of the course is dependent on your taking responsibility to do independent research and writing, utilizing both experience and local/global literature in order to accomplish the course learning outcomes.

The course is laid out around the core Biblical principles of economics as they are applied at different levels of complexity within the city.

Economic Discipleship Level

Course Content

Readings : Select from the books below  (Those with an asterix are required readings)

Level 1.

Biblical Basis of Cooperative Economics

  • Principles of Biblical Economics

Snyder, H. (1985). The Age of Jubilee. A Kingdom Manifesto: 67-76.
*Grigg, V (2010). Conversations on Kingdom Economics. (Access at http://www.urbanleaders.org/home/publications.html)
Meeks, D. (1989.) God the economist: The doctrine of God and political economy. Fortress.
Myers, Bryant. L.. (2004) Walking with the Poor. Orbis Books. Maryknoll, New York.
*Greer, P. and. Phil. Smith. (2009). The Poor Will Be Glad. Grand Rapids, Zondervan., chap 9.

Level 2.

Poverty Assessment
Understanding the level of poverty in the slum is important, before venturing into a poverty reduction project.

  • CASHPHOR House INDEX http://www.cashpor.in/chi.html
  • Progress out Poverty Index

http://www.cashpor.in/ppi.html

*Greer, P. and. Phil. Smith. (2009). The Poor Will Be Glad. Grand Rapids, Zondervan. chapter 5,6
Santos, M. (1979). The Shared Space. London and New York, Methuen.

Level 3a.

Micro Finance
After analyzing and assessing the poverty level of the families in the slum it is crucial to formulate MFI for the community. Study the various models of MFI and take one MFI model and implement that model to the community. The model MFI which a pastor may introduce into the community should be accepted by the slum community. Therefore participation of the people in the MFI is very important.

  • Techniques of participation
  • Foundation and principles of Holistic Ministry
  • History of Micro finance
  • Fundamentals of micro finance
  • Establishment of MFIs
  • Status and innovation of micro finance in the local culture
  • An introduction to micro finance delivery models in the local culture
  • Improving micro finance practice
  • Principles & practices of Christian micro finance & micro enterprise development
  • A slice of micro finance operation
  • Role of micro finance in livelihood promotion

Start with *Greer, P. and. Phil. Smith. (2009). The Poor Will Be Glad. Grand Rapids, Zondervan.  chap 7,8
Muhammad Yunus (1999).  Banker to the Poor: Micro-Lending and the Battle Against World Poverty 272 pages. ISBN: 1891620118
*Bussau, David & Russell Mask. (2003). Christian Micro enterprise development – An Introduction. Regnum Books international in Association with Paternoster Press. U.K.
Mask, Russell. Principles and Practices of Christian Micro finance and Micro enterprise Development. Chalmers Centre for Economic Development. U.S.A.  (see also http://www.chalmers.org/work/gtc/trainers-in-the-majority-world).
Mayoux, Linda. Micro-finance and the Empowerment of women.  (Access at http://www.ilo.org/employment/Whatwedo/Publications/WCMS_117993/lang--en/index.htm)
Marguerite Robinson (2001). The Microfinance Revolution: Sustainable Finance for the Poor . World Bank, ISBN: 0821345249.
Marguerite, S. Robinson. (2002). Microfinance Revolution Volume 2: Lessons from Indonesia. World Bank. ISBN: 0821349538.
Elizabeth Rhyne. (2001).  Mainstreaming Microfinance: How Lending to the Poor Began, Grew, and Came of Age in Bolivia. Kumarian Press, ISBN. 1565491262. 272 pages.
Maria Otero Elisabeth H. Rhyne, eds. (1994). The New World of Microenterprise Finance: Building Healthy Financial Institutions for the Poor . Kumarian Press. ISBN: 1565490304 318 pages.
 Graham Wright . (2000). Microfinance Systems: Designing Quality Financial Services for the Poor. Zed Books.  ISBN: 1856497887. 256 pages.

Level  3b.

Cooperative Models: Self-Help Group Methodology
After understanding of various models of MFI, it is necessary to study in detail the SHG operational pattern. In India SHG has become a kind of national strategy to allievate poverty.

Kagawa, Toyohiko. (1936). Brotherhood Economics. New York and London: Harper and Brothers.
Cooperative Economics http://cultivate.coop/wiki/Cooperative_Economics
Cooperative Economics: An Interview with Jaroslav Vanek New Renaissance Magazine, Vol 5. No 1.  http://www.ru.org/51cooper.html  (accessed Jan 3, 2012).

Level 4.

Social Entrepreneurship or Micro Enterprise Development (MED) & Business Development Service (BDS)
The prime objective of the MFI project is to help families to start businesses. During the process of the project the training should be focused more on skill training and techniques involved in the business, After one year of the MFI project the beneficiaries will start the business at the micro level.

  • Reflection on Christian micro enterprise development
  • Reflection on entrepreneurship
  • The formal stucures behind microfinance banking

Entrepreneurship

  • Bakke, Dennis W. (2005). Joy at Work.. Seattle, USA , PVG.
  • Blanchard, Ken. & Waghorn, Terry. With Ballard, Jim. (1997). Mission Possible. Blanchard Management Corporation & Terry Waghorn.
  • Boehme, Ron. (2001). Leadership for the 21st Century, , Frontline Communication Seattle, Washington 
  • Collins, Jim. (2001) . Good to Great,  Harper Collins Publishers Inc. NY 10022.

         Microfinance Systems (extra credit for mastering this one)

  • Ledgerwood, J. (1999). Microfinance Handbook: An Institutional and Financial Perspective. Washington, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank. 

Level 5

Economic Systems and their impact on local urban economics: two circuits theory, dependency theory, urban economics, take off theory, global capitalism and critiques, psychological/ religious roots of an achievement culture.

*Grigg, V (2010). Conversations on Kingdom Economics. (Access at http://www.urbanleaders.org/home/publications.html). Section contrasting Capitalism and Socialism with Biblical principles.

  • Jeffrey Sachs (2005). The End of Poverty. Penguin Group. U.K.
  • Santos, Milton. (1979). The Shared Space (trans from Portuguese, C. Gerry, Trans.). London and                   New York: Methuen
  • *de Soto, Hernando. (1989). The Other Path (June Abbott, Trans.). New York: Harper & Row.
  • Jacobs, Jane. (1984). Cities and the Wealth of Nations. The Atlantic Monthly (Mar/Apr 1984).
  • Rostow, W.W. (1991). The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Schumacher, E.F. (1973). Small is Beautiful – Economics As If People Matter, Colophon Books (Ch. III, pp.180-193)
  • Korten, David (2000) “The Post-Corporate World: Life After Capitalism”, BK Currents ( Berrett-Koehler Publ.) (Ch. 18-20)
  • Korten, David (2001) “When Corporations Rule the World” , 2nd ed., Kumarian Press. (Ch. 6-9).

V. Learning & Assessment Activities

Economic Discipleship Level

Assessment Task

Maximum Mark

Weighting

1.

Proclaiming Good News to the poor of a kingdom Jubilee
Design a Bible Studies series in a graphical format for people with only elementary education, that discusses ten or more foundational Biblical economic principles. (You can start with one of Alvin’s series or the ten studies in Conversations on Economic Discipleship and upgrade them or design from scratch).

Be sure to include Jesus’ message of the Jubilee and demonstrate its relationship to other scriptures.

Demonstrate 200 pages of reading related to these principles.

10

10%

2.

Poverty Assessment
Demonstrate an understanding of how to determine the level of poverty in the slum before venturing into poverty eradication project in the slum community, by an examination of a community using one of the following:

  • CASHPHOR House INDEX
  • Participatory Wealth Ranking
  • Socio-economic survey
  • Poverty score card
  • Complete reading of 3 articles related to this issue

5

5

3.0

Internship Contract
Have your internship Director and City Coordinator or local Program Director sign your internship contract and you scan and submit it.

2

2

3.4

Internship Evaluation: Ask your internship supervisor to fill in the evaluation form and email it to the course faculty.

4

4

3.1.

Micro Finance
After analyzing and assessing the poverty level of the families in the slum it is crucial to formulate MFI for the community. Study the various models of MFI and take one MFI model and implement that model in the community. The model MFI which a pastor may introduce into the community should be accepted by the slum community. Therefore participation of the people in the MFI is very important.

Evaluate your engagement with an MFI organization, include in your analysis:

  • Techniques of participation
  • Foundation and principles of Holistic Ministry
  • Fundamentals of micro finance
  • Establishment of MFIs
  • Status and innovation of micro finance in your country
  • An introduction to micro finance delivery models in your country
  • Improving micro finance practice
  • Principles & practices of Christian micro finance & micro enterprise development
  • A slice of micro finance operation
  • Role of micro finance in livelihood promotion
  • List Completion of 200 pages of readings related to these issues

30

30

Or 3.2.

Or examine Cooperative or Self-Help Group Methodology
Evaluate your internship with a cooperative NGO, and describe the Cooperatives or SHG operational pattern in this country, including:

  • Role of Women in the cooperative or Self-Help Groups
  • Group formation process and group dynamics
  • Book keeping & maintenance of record
  • SHG bank linkage
  • Quality parameters of Self-Help Groups assessment

List completion of 200 pages of reading related to these issues.

30

30

Level 4.

Local Content: Social Entrepreneurship, Micro Enterprise Development (MED) & Business Development Services (BDS)
The prime objective of the MFI project is to help families to start a business. During the process of the project the training should be focused more on skill training and techniques involved in the business. After one year of the MFI project the beneficiaries will start the business at the micro level.

From your local content expert or local classes, reflect in a 2500 word essay on Christian micro enterprise development and the development of social entrepreneurs, utilizing the local and international literature, and at least five stories from local contexts.  Include an annotated literature review of local literature, covering five to seven books.  Discuss the spiritual foundations, the capital formation phase and the major character and paradigm shifts required.

Complete 200 pages of readings related to these issues. 

Present to class 2 significant aspects of the above in a graphical web-based format could be drama, could be video, could be Powerpoint, could be narrated sideshow.

25

25

Level 5

Economic Systems: National and international economic systems can help or hinder the emergence of local economies.  Interact with the literature and local contextual issues in a 1500 word essay.  Demonstrate Completion of 200 pages of readings related to these issues.

10

10
 

Final Annotated Bibliography.  Submit your list of books/articles read in APA format, with 3-7 lines of annotations for each book, and an analysis of total pages read for each development level and total course.  

It is recommended you do this in Endnote.

1. Enter each book/article
2. Add number of pages read to the pages section
3. In the keyword put Economics
4. In the abstract or notes section write your summary/abstract of the reading -4-7 lines
5. When you do your final report  set it up to export to include the abstract section and the pages section
6. Export to a word file and format as a Bibliography with annotations
7. Sort these into the five levels of economic discipleship and label
8. Add a summary of number of pages read to each section and to total document
9. Submit
10 Celebrate learning another skill you will use for your final thesis/project or your PhD.

4

4
 

Total

100

100%

VI.  Expectations

The course will involve a mixture of class discussion, lecture, field trips to emerging faith- based community economics model, small group discussions, handouts, documentary videos, projects, and guest speakers.  Not all reading material assigned will be discussed in class; it is the responsibility of the students to follow up with the instructor on materials on which they need further clarification.  Students will be divided into teams of 2- 4 members each to work on discussion questions and other class activities for the semester. 

It is necessary that each student be committed to the “4 Ps” of student involvement:

Delivery Mechanism

Hours

Content Delivery

40-45 (22 mediated by SKYPE)

Site visit

0-10

Internship

40-50

Self-study reading and writing

40-60

Total hours

120-160

The correlation of class hours and assignments with local delivery is to be evaluated in the first week of whichever starts first – local or online (See document Planning Work Load with Partnering Schools Courses).

Grades are assigned according to the following levels of proficiency (a different roster will apply for each school:

   

Grade

GPA

Numeric

A+

    

A

4.0

93-100

A-

3.7

90-92

B+

3.3

87-89

B

3.0

83-86

B-

2.7

80-82

C+

2.3

77-79

C

2.0

73-76

C-

1.7

70-72

D+

1.3

67-69

D

1.0

63-66

D-

0.7

60-62

F

0

0-59

Inc

    

                 
Satisfactory progress in the degree requires a GPA of 3.0 or above, across your courses.

Class attendance:  Students are required to join in the class SKYPE discussions each week, with an opening statement in response to one of the questions and 2 responses to others comments later in the week in the online forums.  This gives the core coherence to the online learning process. .   Make up and extra credit:  If a student has an “excused” absence from a week’s work that delays an assignment, they may make that up within the next week.  If they have no excuse from the weeks work, they will receive a 10% drop in grade if submitted the next week, and 20% if submitted two weeks later.  Assignment will not be accepted three weeks late.   We all tend to mess up on an assignment, so there is recourse in one extra credit assignment for 2 extra marks. Incompletes: The grade of “Incomplete” can only be given in the case of a verified personal/family emergency and with the approval of the course professor and the college dean.   Returns:  I attempt to grade work the week submitted though this is not always feasible.  The course work and grades will be open to view two weeks after the end of the course.

Extra Credit for involvement in course development
The development of this program and course is a collective venture that has included well over two thousand people so far in the design process.  This particular APU design online will have many details that need refinement. The following are worth up to one extra credit point each (max of 3 extra credits).

VII. Course Policies

Attendance in the online SKYPE calls or discussions is an essential in any learning community, as each class builds on the previous, paradigms reflecting an expanding matrix of foundational to complex ideas.

Writing Assignments: papers are due on assigned dates.  All assignments should be:

Late assignments will be deducted 5% for each week late (1 week late = 5% deduction, 2 weeks = 10% deduction).  After 2 weeks they receive a zero.  If late please note at the top left  “1 week” or  “2 weeks”.

Study time: In a 15 week course, students earn one unit of credit for an average of three and a half hours of work per week, including online class time, over the length of a regular 15 week semester.  The expected total course time for one class is between 120-150 hours. The general rule of thumb is that a Module requires at least two and a half hours of work off line for each hour the student spends online in class each week. In an online course there is less face to face time (Usually 1 ˝ hours per week), but the total of 8-10 hours per week remains.

The aim of a course is not to kill you with stress but create a positive learning environment.  Your workload should not be excessively more or excessively less, despite the drivenness of the culture around.  Learning a healthy work-life balance is part of the graduate experience.  Work hard, play hard!  

In the MATUL it is easy for local leaders to wish to use the foreigner as an extra worker in the ministry.  To succeed in your studies, church involvement should be limited to Sundays and one night per week.  Your primary objective is not to respond to every request for ministry but to complete your masters, learning as you go.  You are strongly advised to advise your pastor that you are restricted to Sunday activities and one other night.

Academic Integrity: The mission of the MATUL includes cultivating in each student not only the academic skills that are required for a university degree, but also the  characteristics of academic integrity that are integral to a sound Christian education.  It is therefore part of the mission of the university to nurture in each student a sense of moral responsibility consistent with the biblical teachings of honesty and accountability.  Furthermore, a breach of academic integrity is viewed not merely as a private matter between the student and an instructor but rather as an act which is fundamentally inconsistent with the purpose and mission of the entire university.  A complete copy of the Academic Integrity Policy is available in the Office of Student Life, the Office of the Vice Provost for Undergraduate Programs, and online. References to author and text must be included whenever the author is quoted or ideas used.  This is simple respect. Use the APA6 Author-Date system.  It is required that you get a copy of EndNote from IMT or the Library for keeping your references over the years.  It will do most of the formatting for you. Disability Procedure:  Students in this course who have a disability that might prevent them from fully demonstrating their abilities should meet with the MATUL program director, as soon as possible to initiate disability verification and discuss accommodations that may be necessary to ensure full participation in the successful completion of course requirements.

VIII. Course Bibliography

Slum Realities
de Jesus, Carolina Maria. (2003). Child of the Dark. New York, London, Auckland: Penguin.
de Soto, H. (1989). Informal Housing (J. Abbott, Trans.), The Other Path (pp. 17-57). New York: Harper & Row.
de Soto, Hernando. (2003). The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else: Basic Books.
Jocano, F. L. (1975). Round-the-Clock Activities. Slum as a Way of Life. Quezon City, New Day Publishers: 33-50.

Kingdom Economics
Grigg, V. (2004). Paved with Good Intentions. In Companion to the Poor. GA, USA: Authentic Media
 ---. (2010). Conversations on Kingdom Economics. Access at http://www.urbanleaders.org/home/publications.html
---. (2004). God’s Happy Poor. In Companion to the Poor. GA, USA: Authentic Media
Kagawa, Toyohiko. (1936). Brotherhood Economics. New York and London: Harper and Brothers.
Meeks, D. (1989). God the economist: The doctrine of God and political economy. Fortress.
Miller, Darrow L. with Gutrie, Stan. Discipling Nations The Power of Truth to Transform Cultures. YWAM Publishing.
Moffitt, Bob with Tesch, Karla. (2004) . If Jesus Were Mayor. Zondervan Bible Publisher.
Myers, Bryant. L. (2004) Walking with the Poor. Orbis Books. Maryknoll, New York.
Nichols, Dwight.(1998)  God’s Plans for your Finances. Whitaker House.
Schumacher, E.F. (1973). Small is Beautiful – Economics As If People Matter, Colophon Books
Snyder, H. (1985). The Age of Jubilee. A Kingdom Manifesto. pp. 68-76.

Microfinance
Bornstein, David. (1997). The Price of a Dream: The Story of the Grameen Bank. (Third Reprint edition). University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 0226066444. 370 pages.
Busseau, David (2004). Reflections on Christian Microenterprise Development. Christian Transformation Resource Centre.
Busseau, David & Russell Mask. (2003). Christian Microenterprise development – An Introduction. Regnum Books international in Association with Paternoster Press. U.K. ($18 Amazon).
Mask, Russell. Principles and Practices of Christian Micro finance and Micro enterprise Development. Chalmers Centre for Economic Development. U.S.A.  (see also http://www.chalmers.org/work/gtc/trainers-in-the-majority-world).
Mayoux, Linda. Micro-finance and the Empowerment of women.  (Access at http://www.ilo.org/employment/Whatwedo/Publications/WCMS_117993/lang--en/index.htm)
Otero, Maria and Elisabeth H. Rhyne, eds. (1994). The New World of Microenterprise Finance: Building Healthy Financial Institutions for the Poor . Kumarian Press. ISBN: 1565490304 318 pages.
Rhyne, Elizabeth. (2001).  Mainstreaming Microfinance: How Lending to the Poor Began, Grew, and Came of Age in Bolivia. Kumarian Press, ISBN. 1565491262. 272 pages.
Robinson, Marguerite. (2001). The Microfinance Revolution: Sustainable Finance for the Poor . World Bank, ISBN: 0821345249.
---. (2002). Microfinance Revolution Volume 2: Lessons from Indonesia. World Bank. ISBN: 0821349538.
Wright, Graham . (2000). Microfinance Systems: Designing Quality Financial Services for the Poor. Zed Books.  ISBN: 1856497887. 256 pages.
Yunus, Muhammad  (1999).  Banker to the Poor: Micro-Lending and the Battle Against World Poverty 272 pages. ISBN: 1891620118

Indian Perspectives
CGAP FOCUS NOTE 20. Micro finance, Grants and Non-Financial Response to Poverty Reduction. Where Does Micro credit fit (website)
Hishiguren, Gaamaa. (2000.) Holistic approach to development; The Activists for Social Alternatives (ASA): Tamil Nadu.
Gariyali. C.K, Dr. Vettiral. S.K, (2006) Pillars of Hope. Vetri Publisher, Tamil Nadu.
Gariyali. C.K. (2007) Climbing Higher.  Vetri Publishers. Tamil Nadu.
M-Cril. (2003). Improving Micro finance Practice – “Best Practices” followed by India leading MFIs. End Poverty Foundation. New Delhi.
Sa-dhan (2003) An Introduction to Micro finance Delivery Models in India. Sa-dhan. New Delhi
---. (2003) Microfinance and poverty. Sa-dhan. New Delhi.
---. (2003) Sustainability of Micro finance Intervention. Sa-dhan. New Delhi.
---. (2006) Financial Requirement for Future Growth of Micro finance in India. Sa-dhan. New Delhi.
---. (2003) On the Road to Effective Governance of Micro finance Organization, Sa-dhan, New Delhi
---. (2003) Quality Parameters of Self-Help Groups. Sa-dhan. New Delhi
---. (2006). Side by side A slice of Micro finance operation in India. Sa-dhan. New Delhi.
---. (2007). Annual Policy Conference, Sa-dhan. New Delhi.
Sa-dhan & SMCS (2006). Facilitating Access to Micro-insurance – Issues and Challenges. Sa-dhan. New Delhi.
Salehuddin Ahmed & Hakim.M.A. (2004) Attacking Poverty with Micro credit University Press Limited. Bangladesh

Global and Urban Economic Theories

Entrepreneurship

Filipino Perspectives

Selected Reading Publications on Christian Micro-Finances in the Wholistic Transformation Resource Center (WTRC):

Books on Microfinance in the APU library

Significant web sites with global perspectives

Abbreviations used: MFI = Micro Finance Institutions , MED = Micro Enterprise Development, BDS =  Business Development Services

 

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